Restatement of the Law,

Charitable Nonprofit Organizations

This Restatement clarifies the law governing charities. It addresses legal questions relating to the formation, governance, and termination of charities, as well as the duties of governing boards and individual fiduciaries.
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The final portions of this project were approved at the 2019 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the meeting and the usual editorial prerogative.

For an in-depth description of this project, please visit the Charitable Nonprofits page of The ALI Adviser.

Reporter
Jill R. Horwitz University of California, Los Angeles School of Law
Los Angeles, CA
Associate Reporter
Nancy A. McLaughlin University of Utah , S.J. Quinney College of Law
Salt Lake City, UT
Consultant
Marion R. Fremont-Smith Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government
Cambridge, MA
Advisers
Ellen Patricia Aprill Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA
Putnam Barber The Nancy Bell Evans Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy
Seattle, WA, USA
Mary Beckman Massachusetts Attorney General's Office
Boston, MA
Paul Berger Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP
Washington, DC
Victoria B. Bjorklund Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP
New York, NY
David A. Brennen University of Kentucky College of Law
Lexington, KY
Bonnie Brier Philadelphia, PA, USA
José A. Cabranes U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit
New Haven, CT
Gerhard Casper Stanford University
Stanford, CA
Jaclyn F. Cherry University of South Carolina School of Law
Columbia, SC
Ronald Chester Boston College Law School
Newton, MA
Mark E. Chopko Stradley Ronon Stevens & Young, LLP
Washington, DC
Sharon H. Cott The Metropolitan Museum of Art
New York, NY
Harvey P. Dale The Atlantic Philanthropies, National Center on Philanthropy & the Law
New York, NY
Sean Delany Lawyers Alliance for New York
New York, NY
Joel C. Dobris University of California, Davis School of Law
Davis, CA
Joel L. Fleishman Duke University School of Law
Durham, NC
Kenneth C. Frazier Merck & Co., Inc.
Kenilworth, NJ
J. William Futrell Sustainable Development Law Associates
Arlington, VA
Thomas P. Gallanis University of Iowa College of Law
Iowa City, IA
Susan Gary University of Oregon School of Law
Eugene, OR
Antonia M. Grumbach Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler LLP
New York, NY
Andrew Grumet Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP
New York, NY
Daniel I. Halperin Harvard Law School
Cambridge, MA
Henry B. Hansmann Yale Law School
New Haven, CT
Brent L. Henry Partners HealthCare System (Retired)
Boston, MA
William C. Hubbard Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, LLP
Columbia, SC
Lisa L. Johnsen Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Seattle, WA
Michael D. Klausner Stanford Law School
Stanford, CA
Catherine E. Livingston Jones Day
Washington, DC
Douglas M. Mancino Seyfarth Shaw, LLP
Los Angeles, CA
Jill Manny National Center on Philanthropy and the Law
New York, NY
Lloyd H. Mayer Notre Dame Law School
Notre Dame, IN
Michele Coleman Mayes The New York Public Library
New York, NY
Suzanne Ross McDowell Steptoe & Johnson LLP
Washington, DC
Robert H. Mundheim Shearman & Sterling LLP
New York, NY
Brian E. Nelson LA 2028
Los Angeles, CA
Kathleen M. O'Sullivan Perkins Coie LLP
Seattle, WA
Vance K. Opperman Key Investment, Inc.
Minneapolis, MN
Roberta Cooper Ramo Modrall Sperling
Albuquerque, NM
Ellen F. Rosenblum Oregon Department of Justice
Salem, OR
John Sare Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP
New York, NY
Stephen Schwarz University of California, Hastings College of the Law
San Francisco, CA
Thomas Silk Silk Nonprofit Law
Stinson Beach, CA
John G. Simon Yale Law School
New Haven, CT
Robert H. Sitkoff Harvard Law School
Cambridge, MA
Jonathan A. Small Debevoise & Plimpton LLP (Retired)
New York, NY
C. Eugene Steuerle The Urban Institute
Washington, DC
Thomas A. Troyer Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered
Washington, DC
Linda A. Wasserman Honigman Miller Schwartz & Cohn LLP
Bloomfield Hills, MI
Catharine P. Wells Boston College Law School
Newton, MA
Robert E. Welsh Welsh & Recker, P.C.
Philadelphia, PA
Robert A. Wexler Adler & Colvin
San Francisco, CA
LaVerne Woods Davis Wright Tremaine LLP
Seattle, WA
Liaison
K. King Burnett Webb Burnett Cornbrooks (Retired)
Salisbury, MD
Karin Kunstler Goldman New York State Department of Law
New York, NY
Mark A. Pacella Office of Attorney General, Charitable Trusts & Organizations Section
Harrisburg, PA
Lisa A. Runquist Northridge, CA
Members Consultative Group
Anthony V. Alfieri University of Miami School of Law
Coral Gables, FL
Eric G. Andersen University of Iowa School of Law (Emeritus)
Provo, UT
José F. Anderson University of Baltimore School of Law
Baltimore, MD
R Gordon Appleman Thompson & Knight LLP
Fort Worth, TX
John Fox Arnold Lashly & Baer
Saint Louis, MO
Mark L. Ascher University of Texas School of Law
Austin, TX
John B. Attanasio The International Academic Institute of Process and Procedure
Irving, TX
Steven K. Balman Shook & Johnson
Tulsa, OK
Margaret Armstrong Bancroft Dechert LLP
New York, NY
Joseph R. Bankoff Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
Evelyn M. Baram-Clothier American Medical Foundation for Peer Review & Education
Philadelphia, PA
Helaine M. Barnett New York State Permanent Commission on Access to Justice
New York, NY
Shawn J. Bayern Florida State University College of Law
Tallahassee, FL
Phyllis W. Beck Independence Foundation
Philadelphia, PA
John S. Beckerman Moorestown, NJ, USA
Edward Jay Beckwith Baker & Hostetler LLP
Washington, DC
Martin D. Begleiter Drake University Law School
Des Moines, IA
Deborah Ellen Behr Juneau, AK
Warren Belmar Capitol Counsel Group, LLC
Palm Beach, FL, USA
Richard Lyle Berkman Dechert LLP
Philadelphia, PA
Turney Powers Berry Wyatt, Tarrant & Combs, LLP
Louisville, KY
Carter G. Bishop Suffolk University Law School
Boston, MA
Ira Mark Bloom Albany Law School
Albany, NY
Sanford L. Bohrer Holland & Knight LLP
Miami, FL
Kathleen M. Boozang Seton Hall University School of Law
Newark, NJ
Willard L. Boyd III Nyemaster Goode, PC
Des Moines, IA
Thomas H. Boyd Winthrop & Weinstine, PA
Minneapolis, MN
Willard L. Boyd University of Iowa College of Law
Iowa City, IA
Douglas M. Branson University of Pittsburgh School of Law
Pittsburgh, PA
William S. Brewbaker III University of Alabama School of Law
Tuscaloosa, AL
Martin H. Brinkley University of North Carolina School of Law
Chapel Hill, NC
Lawrence R. Brown Lewis & Clark Law School
Portland, OR
Russell J. Bruemmer WilmerHale (Retired)
Washington, DC
John P. Burton Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A.
Santa Fe, NM
W. Amon Burton Austin, TX
Daniel Jay Bussel University of California, Los Angeles School of Law
Los Angeles, CA
Gregory P. Butrus Balch & Bingham LLP
Birmingham, AL
Patricia A. Cain Santa Clara University School of Law
Santa Clara, CA
J. William Callison Faegre Baker Daniels LLP
Denver, CO
John G. Cameron, Jr. Dickinson Wright PLLC
Grand Rapids, MI
Marilyn Blumberg Cane Nova Southeastern University, Shepard Broad College of Law
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Elena A. Cappella Philadelphia, PA, USA
Catherine C. Carr University of Pennsylvania Law School
Philadelphia, PA
Thomas N. Carruthers Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP
Birmingham, AL
Peter H. Carson Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP
San Francisco, CA
Steven L. Chanenson Villanova University School of Law
Villanova, PA
Steve Charnovitz George Washington University Law School
Washington, DC
Miriam A. Cherry St. Louis University School of Law
Saint Louis, MO
Eric A. Chiappinelli Texas Tech University School of Law
Lubbock, TX
Sylvia Fung Chin White & Case LLP
New York, NY
Andrew A. Chirls Fineman Krekstein & Harris, PC
Philadelphia, PA
Stephen Yee Chow Hsuanyeh Law Group PC
Boston, MA
Carolyn Cochran Clark Milbank LLP
New York, NY
William H. Clark, Jr. Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP
Philadelphia, PA
Anne E. Cohen Debevoise & Plimpton LLP
New York, NY
Charles C. Cohen Cohen & Grigsby, PC
Pittsburgh, PA
Neil B. Cohen Brooklyn Law School
Brooklyn, NY
John D. Colombo University of Illinois College of Law
Champaign, IL
Ann E. Conaway Widener University School of Law
Wilmington, DE
Joy Flowers Conti U.S. District Court, Western District of PA
Pittsburgh, PA
Michael L. Cook Cook Brooks Johnson PLLC
Austin, TX
José-Ramón Cossío Díaz Supreme Court of Mexico
Mexico City, Mexico
Richard D. Craig McAfee & Taft A Professional Corporation
Oklahoma City, OK
Robert A. Creamer Cambridge, MA, USA
Margaret Ellen Curran Providence, RI, USA
David M. Curtis David M. Curtis & Associates, PC
Dallas, TX
George A. Davidson Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP
New York, NY
F. T. Davis, Jr. Dentons US LLP
Atlanta, GA
Roger J. Dennis Drexel University Thomas R. Kline School of Law
Philadelphia, PA
John F. DePodesta Dolomite Group, LLC
Mc Lean, VA
Anthony M. DiLeo Anthony M. DiLeo, APC
New Orleans, LA
Melanie DiPietro Seton Hall University School of Law
Greensburg, PA
Alyssa A. DiRusso Samford University, Cumberland School of Law
Birmingham, AL
William A. Drennan Southern Illinois University School of Law
Carbondale, IL
Guy Du Pont Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP
Montreal, Canada
Arthur W. S. Duff The Wharton School
Greenbrae, CA, USA
Christine Michelle Duffy Pro Bono Partnership
Parsippany, NJ
Suzanne M. Dugan Cohen Milstein Sellers & Toll PLLC
Washington, DC
Stephen S. Dunham Penn State University
University Park, PA
Byron F. Egan Jackson Walker LLP
Dallas, TX
Melvin A. Eisenberg University of California, Berkeley School of Law
Berkeley, CA
J. William Elwin, Jr. Chicago, IL
David M. English University of Missouri-Columbia School of Law
Columbia, MO
Robert Evans, III U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Washington, DC
Bryan K. Fair University of Alabama School of Law
Tuscaloosa, AL
Chai R. Feldblum Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
Washington, DC
Robin Cooper Feldman University of California, Hastings College of the Law
San Francisco, CA
Arthur Norman Field Field Consulting Services LLC
New York, NY
Jill Fisch University of Pennsylvania Law School
Philadelphia, PA
Victor B. Flatt University of Houston Law Center
Houston, TX
Joseph Z. Fleming Greenberg Traurig, LLP
Miami, FL
Michael D. Floyd Samford University, Cumberland School of Law (Retired)
Birmingham, AL
David Foscue Montesano, WA
Steven I. Friedland Elon University School of Law
Greensboro, NC
Frederick Mark Gedicks Brigham Young University, J. Reuben Clark Law School
Provo, UT
John L. Gedid Widener University School of Law
Harrisburg, PA
Thomas E. Geu University of South Dakota School of Law
Vermillion, SD
James W. Gewin Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP
Birmingham, AL
Raymond L. Gifford Wilkinson Barker Knauer, LLP
Denver, CO
Carol Rose Goforth University of Arkansas School of Law, Leflar Law Center
Fayetteville, AR
Michael G. Goldstein Gottlieb Organization
Cleveland, OH
David M. Gossett Federal Communications Commission
Washington, DC
Thomas A. Gottschalk Kirkland & Ellis LLP
Washington, DC
Hervé Gouraige Sills Cummis & Gross P.C.
Newark, NJ
J. Kirkland Grant Charleston School of Law
Charleston, SC
Gilson B. Gray, III Duane Morris LLP
New York, NY
Oscar S. Gray University of Maryland, Francis King Carey School of Law
Baltimore, MD
Michael Greenwald Philadelphia, PA, USA
Donna Coleman Gregg The Free State Foundation
Arlington, VA, USA
Charles E. Griffin Butler Snow LLP
Ridgeland, MS
John J. Grogan Langer, Grogan & Diver P.C.
Philadelphia, PA
Marjorie E. Gross New York, NY
Richard E. Gutman Dallas, TX
Anton G. Hajjar Washington, DC
F. Sheffield Hale Atlanta History Center
Atlanta, GA
Mark A. Hall Wake Forest University School of Law
Winston Salem, NC
Michael A. Harring Quad City Symphony Orchestra (Retired)
Moline, IL
Allen K. Harris Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Richard E. V. Harris Richard E.V. Harris Law Office
Piedmont, CA, USA
Robert M. Hart Duke Law
Bronxville, NY, USA
Harry J. Haynsworth, IV Briggs and Morgan, PA
Minneapolis, MN
Thomas Z. Hayward, Jr. Chicago, IL
Joan M. Heminway University of Tennessee College of Law
Knoxville, TN
Joel F. Henning Joel Henning & Associates
Chicago, IL
Antonia Hernandez California Community Foundation
Los Angeles, CA
Dale Hershey Carnegie Mellon University, Tepper School of Business
Pittsburgh, PA
Otto J. Hetzel Washington, DC
Ernest R. Higginbotham UNT Dallas College of Law
Dallas, TX
Jennett Hill Citizens Energy Group
Indianapolis, IN
Cornish F. Hitchcock Washington, DC
David A. Hoffman University of Pennsylvania Law School
Philadelphia, PA
Phyllis J. Holmen Georgia Legal Services Program (Retired)
Atlanta, GA
Roger F. Holmes Biss & Holmes
Anchorage, AK
Edwin E. Huddleson Washington, DC
Sarah Jane Hughes Indiana University, Maurer School of Law
Bloomington, IN
David A. Hyman Georgetown University Law Center
Washington, DC
Anthony C. Infanti University of Pittsburgh School of Law
Pittsburgh, PA
Leon Eugene Irish Central European University
Budapest, Hungary
Lisa R. Jacobs DLA Piper US LLP
Philadelphia, PA
Sarah Howard Jenkins University of Arkansas at Little Rock, William H. Bowen School of Law (Retired)
Little Rock, AR
Gary T. Johnson Chicago History Museum
Chicago, IL
Lyman P. Q. Johnson Washington and Lee University School of Law (Retired)
Lexington, VA
Richard Gibbs Johnson Richard G. Johnson Co., L.P.A.
Cleveland, OH
Anthony Johnstone University of Montana, Alexander Blewett III School of Law
Missoula, MT
Renee M. Jones Boston College Law School
Newton, MA
Beryl R. Jones-Woodin Brooklyn Law School
Brooklyn, NY
Scott L. Kafker Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts
Boston, MA
James E. Kaplan Brunswick, ME, USA
Robert M. Kaufman Proskauer Rose LLP
New York, NY
Robert R. Keatinge Holland & Hart LLP
Denver, CO
Claire R. Kelly U.S. Court of International Trade
New York, NY
Ronald D. Kerridge Jackson Walker LLP
Dallas, TX
Colleen A. Khoury University of Maine School of Law
Portland, ME
George S. King, Jr. Haynsworth Sinkler Boyd, PA
Columbia, SC
Daniel S. Kleinberger Mendota Heights, MN
Andrew D. Koblenz National Automobile Dealers Association
Tysons, VA
Alan C. Kohn Sher Corwin Winters LLC
Saint Louis, MO
Gerald Korngold New York Law School
New York, NY
Michael J. Kramer Noble Circuit Court
Albion, IN
Miriam A. Krinsky Fair and Just Prosecution
Los Angeles, CA
William F. Kroener, III Sullivan & Cromwell LLP
Washington, DC
Edward Labaton Labaton Sucharow LLP
New York, NY
Edward V. Lahey, Jr. Essex Boat Works, Inc.
Essex, CT
Stewart M. Landefeld Perkins Coie LLP
Seattle, WA
Howard Langer Langer, Grogan & Diver P.C.
Philadelphia, PA
Derek P. Langhauser Office of the Governor
Augusta, ME
Howard A. Latin Rutgers Law School (Retired)
San Diego, CA, USA
Douglas Laycock University of Texas School of Law
Austin, TX
Herbert I. Lazerow University of San Diego School of Law
San Diego, CA
Richard D. Lee San Francisco, CA, USA
Stephen E. Lee Jennings, Strouss & Salmon, PLC
Phoenix, AZ
Thomas B. Lemann Liskow & Lewis
New Orleans, LA
Peter V. Letsou University of Memphis, Cecil B. Humphreys School of Law
Memphis, TN
Leslee M. Lewis Dickinson Wright PLLC
Grand Rapids, MI
Penina K. Lieber Dinsmore & Shohl LLP
Pittsburgh, PA
William Joseph Linkous, Jr. Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner LLP
Atlanta, GA
Jonathan C. Lipson Temple University Beasley School of Law
Philadelphia, PA
Carl H. Lisman Lisman Leckerling, P.C.
Burlington, VT
Mark J. Loewenstein University of Colorado Law School
Boulder, CO
Paul A. Lombardo Georgia State University College of Law
Atlanta, GA
Houston Putnam Lowry Polivy, Lowry & Clayton, LLC
Hartford, CT
William Cullen MacDonald Hawkins Delafield & Wood LLP
New York, NY
George W. Madison Sidley Austin LLP
New York, NY
Ray D. Madoff Boston College Law School
Newton, MA
Julia D. Mahoney University of Virginia School of Law
Charlottesville, VA
Pamela A. Mann Carter Ledyard & Milburn LLP
New York, NY
Dana L. Mark Smith, Gambrell & Russell, LLP
New York, NY
Colin P. Marks St. Mary's University School of Law
San Antonio, TX
Arthur Mead Martin Jenner & Block, LLP
Chicago, IL
Barbara W. Mather Pepper Hamilton LLP
Philadelphia, PA
Stephen J. Mathes Philadelphia, PA
Barbara Mendel Mayden Young Mayden LLC
Nashville, TN
Steven L. Mayer Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP
San Francisco, CA
Thomas Wm. Mayo Southern Methodist University, Dedman School of Law
Dallas, TX
Charles E. McCallum Warner Norcross & Judd LLP
Grand Rapids, MI
John D. McCamus York University, Osgoode Hall Law School
Toronto, Canada
Jerry J. McCoy Law Office of Jerry J. McCoy
Washington, DC
Robert L. McCurley, Jr. Alabama Law Institute
Tuscaloosa, AL
James C. McKay, Jr. Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia
Washington, DC
Holiday Hart McKiernan Lumina Foundation for Education
Indianapolis, IN
Beverly McQueary Smith Touro College Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center
Central Islip, NY
Lawrence F. Meehan Philadelphia, PA, USA
Carrie J. Menkel-Meadow University of California, Irvine School of Law
Irvine, CA
Bruce P. Merenstein Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP
Philadelphia, PA
Carl C. Monk American University, Washington College of Law
Washington, DC
Lizabeth A. Moody Stetson University College of Law
Saint Petersburg, FL
Edward A. Morgan Scarsdale, NY, USA
George Marshall Moriarty Ropes & Gray LLP
Boston, MA
Alan B. Morrison George Washington University Law School
Washington, DC
Cyril Moscow Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn
Detroit, MI
Daniel R. Murray Jenner & Block, LLP
Chicago, IL
Eleanor W. Myers Temple University Beasley School of Law
Philadelphia, PA
Lawrence G. Newman Newman Law Firm, PC
Dallas, TX
Robert G. Newman Fulbright & Jaworski LLP (Retired)
San Antonio, TX
W. Frank Newton Beaumont Foundation of America
Beaumont, TX
John Kranz Notz, Jr. Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP
Chicago, IL
Charles R. T. O'Kelley Seattle University School of Law
Seattle, WA
Owen Olpin Teasdale, UT, USA
Arden J. Olson Harrang Long Gary Rudnick P.C.
Eugene, OR
Eric W. Orts University of Pennsylvania, The Wharton School, Legal Studies and Bus. Ethics
Philadelphia, PA
Richard W. Painter University of Minnesota Law School
Minneapolis, MN
Lucian T. Pera Adams & Reese LLP
Memphis, TN
Charles W. Petty, Jr. NPC Fund for Charitable Giving, Inc.
Washington, DC
Hansel T. Pham White & Case LLP
Washington, DC
Marilyn E. Phelan Texas Tech University School of Law (Retired)
Lubbock, TX
W. Michel Pierson Maryland Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Baltimore, MD
Donald J. Polden Santa Clara University School of Law
Santa Clara, CA
Rafael A. Porrata-Doria, Jr. Temple University Beasley School of Law
Philadelphia, PA
Sidney Katherine Powell Sidney Powell P.C.
Asheville, NC
Lonnie A. Powers Lonnie Powers Consulting
Newton, MA
Gene E. K. Pratter U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA
Stephen A. Radin Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP
New York, NY
Carey R. Ramos Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP
New York, NY
Hugh Massey Ray, III Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP
Houston, TX
Bernard D. Reams, Jr. St. Mary's University School of Law
San Antonio, TX
George Bliss Reese New York, NY, USA
E. Lee Reichert, III Molson Coors Brewing Company
Denver, CO
Richard C. Reuben University of Missouri School of Law
Columbia, MO
Thomas W. Rhodes Smith, Gambrell & Russell
Atlanta, GA
Martin F. Richman K&L Gates LLP
New York, NY
Jack L. Rives American Bar Association
Chicago, IL
A. James Robertson, II Superior Court of California, City and County of San Francisco
San Francisco, CA
Daryl B. Robertson Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP
Dallas, TX
James L. Robertson Wise Carter Child & Caraway, P.A.
Jackson, MS
Sandra M. Rocks Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP
New York, NY
Ronald S. Rolfe Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP
New York, NY
Brent M. Rosenthal Rosenthal Weiner LLP
Dallas, TX
Mark B. Rotenberg Hillel International
Washington, DC
Irma S. Russell University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law
Kansas City, MO
Robin Russell Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP
Houston, TX
Thomas E. Rutledge Stoll Keenon Ogden PLLC
Louisville, KY
Karen J. Sarjeant Silver Spring, MD
Richard Schmalbeck Duke University School of Law
Durham, NC
Daniel M. Schneider Chicago, IL, USA
Edward J. Schoenbaum Springfield, IL
John A. Sebert Wilmette, IL, USA
Myra C. Selby Ice Miller LLP
Indianapolis, IN
Margaret B. Seymour U.S. District Court
Columbia, SC
Amy Shapiro Hinman, Howard & Kattell, LLP
Binghamton, NY
Stephen M. Sheppard St. Mary's University School of Law
San Antonio, TX
Robert E. Shields Lakeview Capital, Inc.
Birmingham, MI
Norman I. Silber Hofstra University School of Law
Hempstead, NY
Evett L. Simmons Simmons, Finney, Solomon & Winfield, LLC
Port Saint Lucie, FL
Omari Scott Simmons Wake Forest University School of Law
Winston Salem, NC
Caroline M. Simon Center on Professionalism
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Marshall L. Small Morrison & Foerster LLP
San Francisco, CA
Gerald K. Smith Gerald K. Smith and John C. Smith Law Offices PLLC
Tucson, AZ
Steven R. Smith California Western School of Law
San Diego, CA
Carl A. Solano Superior Court of Pennsylvania (Retired)
Philadelphia, PA
A. Gilchrist Sparks, III Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell LLP
Wilmington, DE
Arthur B. Spitzer American Civil Liberties Union of the District of Columbia
Washington, DC
H. Mark Stichel Astrachan Gunst Thomas, P.C.
Baltimore, MD
Shale D. Stiller DLA Piper US LLP
Baltimore, MD
Andrew H. Struve Hooper, Lundy & Bookman LLP
San Diego, CA
Guy Miller Struve Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP
New York, NY
Clint Stuntebeck Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP
Wayne, PA
Linda Sugin Fordham University School of Law
New York, NY
Mary-Christine Sungaila Haynes and Boone, LLP
Costa Mesa, CA
Linda Alden Swanson Law Offices of Linda Alden Swanson
Larkspur, CA
Anne Minnette Tamar-Mattis International Academy of Collaborative Professionals
Penngrove, CA
David K. Y. Tang K&L Gates LLP
Seattle, WA
William E. Tanis Ireland, Stapleton, Pryor & Pascoe
Denver, CO
Samuel A. Thumma Arizona Court of Appeals, Division One
Phoenix, AZ
Joseph P. Tomain University of Cincinnati College of Law
Cincinnati, OH
Bowen H. Tucker Chicago, IL
Thomas A. Tupitza Knox McLaughlin Gornall & Sennett, P.C.
Erie, PA
Timothy M. Tymkovich U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit
Denver, CO
E. Peter Urbanowicz Sun Valley, ID, USA
Ben F. Vaughan, III Graves, Dougherty, Hearon & Moody, PC
Austin, TX
Victor A. Vilaplana Foley & Lardner LLP
San Diego, CA
Donald H. Vish Middleton Reutlinger
Louisville, KY
Thuy Vo Archer Daniels Midland Company
Chicago, IL
Jay M. Vogelson Stutzman, Bromberg, Esserman & Plifka, PC (Retired)
Dallas, TX
Bill Wagner Wagner McLaughlin, P.A.
Tampa, FL
Sue Walker Texas Second Court of Appeals (Retired)
Fort Worth, TX
Howard P. Walthall Samford University, Cumberland School of Law
Birmingham, AL
R. Keith Walton Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ
Chang Wang Kingsfield Law Office
Bloomington, MN
Manning Gilbert Warren, III University of Louisville, Brandeis School of Law
Louisville, KY
Ruth Wedgwood Johns Hopkins University
Washington, DC
Tory A. Weigand Morrison Mahoney LLP
Boston, MA
Steven O. Weise Proskauer Rose LLP
Los Angeles, CA
Stephen T. Whelan Blank Rome LLP
New York, NY
Charles K. Whitehead Cornell Law School
Ithaca, NY
James C. Wilson, Jr. Vestavia, AL, USA
Robin Fretwell Wilson University of Illinois College of Law
Champaign, IL
Adrien K. Wing University of Iowa College of Law
Iowa City, IA
G. Robert Witmer, Jr. Nixon Peabody LLP
Rochester, NY
Nicholas J. Wittner Michigan State University College of Law
East Lansing, MI
Cecil Wray, Jr. Debevoise & Plimpton LLP
New York, NY
Scott N. Wulfe Vinson & Elkins LLP
Houston, TX
James B. Zimpritch Pierce Atwood LLP (Retired)
Portland, ME

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