Sexual Assault and Related Offenses
This work re-examines Article 213 of the Model Penal Code, which addresses sexual offenses. Now over fifty years since its adoption, the Article is no longer a reliable guide for legislatures and courts. The project covers both substantive and evidentiary matters, as well as the collateral consequences of conviction.
Reporter:
Stephen J. Schulhofer, New York University School of Law
Associate Reporter:
Erin E. Murphy, New York University School of Law
- Tentative Draft No. 5658 pages, 2021, #1MPCSATD5E
MODEL PENAL CODE: SEXUAL ASSAULT AND RELATED OFFENSES
TENTATIVE DRAFT NO. 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION............................................................................................................... PAGE
PROJECT STATUS AT A GLANCE............................................................................... xiii
FOREWORD................................................................................................................ xv
PART I
GRADING: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................... 1
PART II
SECTION 213.0. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY; DEFINITIONS.......................... 15
SECTION 213.1. SEXUAL ASSAULT BY AGGRAVATED PHYSICAL FORCE OR
RESTRAINT.................................................................................................... 87
SECTION 213.2. SEXUAL ASSAULT BY PHYSICAL FORCE OR RESTRAINT................ 131
SECTION 213.3. SEXUAL ASSAULT OF AN INCAPACITATED, VULNERABLE,
OR LEGALLY RESTRICTED PERSON .............................................................. 146
SECTION 213.4. SEXUAL ASSAULT BY EXTORTION................................................. 208
SECTION 213.5. SEXUAL ASSAULT BY PROHIBITED DECEPTION............................ 237
SECTION 213.6. SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE ABSENCE OF CONSENT........................ 253
SECTION 213.7. OFFENSIVE SEXUAL CONTACT BY PHYSICAL FORCE
OR RESTRAINT OR SURREPTITIOUS INCAPACITATION;
OFFENSIVE SEXUAL CONTACT................................................................... 284
SECTION 213.8. SEXUAL OFFENSES INVOLVING MINORS....................................... 317
SECTION 213.9. SEX TRAFFICKING.......................................................................... 413
SECTION 213.10. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE OF EXPLICIT PRIOR PERMISSION.......... 462
SECTION 213.11. SENTENCING AND COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES
OF CONVICTION – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................. 481
SECTION 213.11. SENTENCING AND COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES
OF CONVICTION.......................................................................................... 493
SECTION 213.11A. REGISTRATION FOR LAW-ENFORCEMENT PURPOSES............. 539
SECTION 213.11B. NOTIFICATION OF THE OBLIGATION TO REGISTER
AND ASSOCIATED DUTIES........................................................................... 556
SECTION 213.11C. TIME OF INITIAL REGISTRATION.............................................. 558
SECTION 213.11D. INFORMATION REQUIRED IN REGISTRATION.......................... 560
SECTION 213.11E. DUTY TO KEEP REGISTRATION CURRENT................................. 562
SECTION 213.11F. DURATION OF REGISTRATION REQUIREMENT........................ 567
SECTION 213.11G. FAILURE TO REGISTER.............................................................. 571
SECTION 213.11H. ACCESS TO REGISTRY INFORMATION...................................... 573
SECTION 213.11I. ADDITIONAL COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES OF
CONVICTION.............................................................................................. 581
SECTION 213.11J. DISCRETIONARY RELIEF FROM REGISTRATION AND
OTHER SENTENCING CONSEQUENCES AND COLLATERAL
CONSEQUENCES........................................................................................ 595
APPENDIX A - PERTINENT 1962 CODE PROVISIONS............................................... 601
APPENDIX B – PROPOSED BLACK LETTER OF ARTICLE 213.................................... 607
Tentative Draft No. 5 contains Part I, Grading and Part II, Sections 213.0 to 213.11J. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2021 Annual Meeting, subject to: motions to amend the draft that passed at the Meeting and the Council’s approval of the amendments; the discussion at the Meeting; and editorial prerogative.
- Tentative Draft No. 4378 pages, 2020, #1MPCSATD4E
Project Status at a Glance
Drafts That Were Scheduled for Submission at the 2020 Annual
PART I
Grading: General Considerations
PART II
Section 213.0. General Principles of Liability; Definitions
Section 213.1. Sexual Assault by Aggravated Physical Force or
Restraint
Section 213.2. Sexual Assault by Physical Force or Restraint
Section 213.3. Sexual Assault of a Person Who is Incapacitated
Vulnerable, or Legally Restricted
Section 213.4. Sexual Assault by Extortion
Section 213.5. Sexual Assault by Prohibited Deception
Section 213.6. Sexual Assault in the Absence of Consent
Section 213.7. Offensive Sexual Contact
Section 213.9. Sex Trafficking
Section 213.10. Affirmative Defense ofExplicit Prior Permission
Appendix A - Pertinent 1962 Code Provisions
Appendix B – Proposed Black Letter of Article 213
Tentative Draft No. 4 includes Sections 213.0-213.7, 213.9, and 213.10, as well as material on Grading: General Considerations. This draft was prepared for consideration at the 2020 Annual Meeting, which was cancelled. The draft has not been considered by the membership of ALI and therefore does not represent the position of the Institute on any of the issues with which it deals. The draft may be revised or supplemented prior to consideration by the membership in 2021.
- Tentative Draft No. 3Tentative Draft No. 370 pages, 2017, #1MPCSATD3
Project Status at a Glance xi
Foreword xiii
Reporters’ Memorandum xvii
A. Section 213.0 Definitions 1
B. Section 213.1 Forcible Rape 13
C. Section 213.4. Sexual Penetration or Oral Sex Without Consent 28
Appendix A – Proposed Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 49
Appendix B – Other Relevant Black-Letter Text 51
Tentative Draft No. 3 contains § 213.0, Definitions, (1) “Sexual penetration” and (2) “Oral sex;” § 213.1, Forcible Rape; and § 213.4, Sexual Penetration or Oral Sex Without Consent. At the 201 Annual Meeting, the membership approved § 213.0 (1)-(2) subject to the discussion at the Meeting and the usual editorial prerogative. A motion to remove “recklessly” from § 213.1 passed, but there was not enough time to finish discussion of that or other Sections. These Sections will be reviewed at future meetings.
70 pages, 2017, #1MPCSATD3EProject Status at a Glance xi
Foreword xiii
Reporters’ Memorandum xvii
A. Section 213.0 Definitions 1
B. Section 213.1 Forcible Rape 13
C. Section 213.4. Sexual Penetration or Oral Sex Without Consent 28
Appendix A – Proposed Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 49
Appendix B – Other Relevant Black-Letter Text 51
Tentative Draft No. 3 contains § 213.0, Definitions, (1) “Sexual penetration” and (2) “Oral sex;” § 213.1, Forcible Rape; and § 213.4, Sexual Penetration or Oral Sex Without Consent. At the 201 Annual Meeting, the membership approved § 213.0 (1)-(2) subject to the discussion at the Meeting and the usual editorial prerogative. A motion to remove “recklessly” from § 213.1 passed, but there was not enough time to finish discussion of that or other Sections. These Sections will be reviewed at future meetings.
- Discussion Draft No. 2Discussion Draft No. 2274 pages, 2015, #1MPCSADD2
Foreword
Reporters’ Memorandum
Substantive Material
Proposed Sections 213.0 To 213.11
General Commentary
Introductory Note
Background and Accomplishments Of The 1962 Code
Social and Legal Developments Since 1962
Victimization and Criminal-Justice Responses Today
Decision to Strike The 1962 Text Of Article 213
The Organization of Article 213
Statutory Commentary
Section 213.0 Definitions
Section 213.1 Forcible Rape
Section 213.2 Sexual Penetration Against The Will or Without Consent
Section 213.3 Rape Or Sexual Penetration of a Vulnerable Person
Section 213.4 Sexual Penetration By Coercion or Exploitation
Section 213.5 Sexual Penetration Offenses Against Children
Section 213.6 Criminal Sexual Contact
Section 213.7 Criminal Sexual Contact With a Child
Section 213.8 Commercial Sex Acts
Section 213.9 Sexual Offenses Involving Intimate Partners
Mens Rea for Sections 213.1 To 213.8
Evidentiary Material
Proposed Section 213.10
Commentary
Contemporary Concerns Relating to Procedure and Evidence
Recommendations To Strike The Current Procedural Provisions
Section 213.10 Of The Revised Code: Procedural And Evidentiary Principles Applicable To Article 213
This draft covers Substantive Material – I. Proposed Sections 213.0 to 213.11; II. General Commentary, III. Statutory Commentary (Sections 213.0 to 213.9): Evidentiary Material - I. Proposed Section 213.10; II. Commentary. It was submitted, for discussion only, at the 2015 Annual Meeting. As planned, no vote was taken.
274 pages, 2015, #1MPCSADD2EForeword
Reporters’ Memorandum
Substantive Material
Proposed Sections 213.0 To 213.11
General Commentary
Introductory Note
Background and Accomplishments Of The 1962 Code
Social and Legal Developments Since 1962
Victimization and Criminal-Justice Responses Today
Decision to Strike The 1962 Text Of Article 213
The Organization of Article 213
Statutory Commentary
Section 213.0 Definitions
Section 213.1 Forcible Rape
Section 213.2 Sexual Penetration Against The Will or Without Consent
Section 213.3 Rape Or Sexual Penetration of a Vulnerable Person
Section 213.4 Sexual Penetration By Coercion or Exploitation
Section 213.5 Sexual Penetration Offenses Against Children
Section 213.6 Criminal Sexual Contact
Section 213.7 Criminal Sexual Contact With a Child
Section 213.8 Commercial Sex Acts
Section 213.9 Sexual Offenses Involving Intimate Partners
Mens Rea for Sections 213.1 To 213.8
Evidentiary Material
Proposed Section 213.10
Commentary
Contemporary Concerns Relating to Procedure and Evidence
Recommendations To Strike The Current Procedural Provisions
Section 213.10 Of The Revised Code: Procedural And Evidentiary Principles Applicable To Article 213
This draft covers Substantive Material – I. Proposed Sections 213.0 to 213.11; II. General Commentary, III. Statutory Commentary (Sections 213.0 to 213.9): Evidentiary Material - I. Proposed Section 213.10; II. Commentary. It was submitted, for discussion only, at the 2015 Annual Meeting. As planned, no vote was taken.
Tentative Draft No. 1Tentative Draft No. 1137 pages, 2014, #1MPCSATD1Softbound | 1MPCSATD1 | 2014 | 137 pages | $30.00
Foreword
Reporters’ Memorandum
Substantive Material
I. Proposed Sections 213.0 to 213.7
II. General Commentary
A. Introductory Note
B. Background and Accomplishments of the 1962 Code
C. Social and Legal Developments Since 1962
D. Victimization and Criminal-Justice Responses Today
E. Decision to Strike the 1962 Text of Article 213
F. The Organization of Article 213
III. Statutory Commentary
A. Section 213.0 Definitions
B. Section 213.1 Rape and Related Offenses
C. Section 213.2 Sexual Intercourse by Coercion or Imposition
D. Section 213.3 Sexual Intercourse by Exploitation
E. Section 213.4 Sexual Intercourse Without Consent
F. Section 213.5 Criminal Sexual Contact [Reserved]
G. Section 213.6 Sexual Offenses Involving Spouses and Other
Intimate Partners [Reserved]
H. Mens Rea for Sections 213.1 to 213.6
Evidentiary Material
I. Proposed Section 213.7
II. Commentary 84
A. Contemporary Concerns Relating to Procedure and Evidence 84
B. Recommendations to Strike the Current Procedural Provisions 85
C. Section 213.7 – Procedural and Evidentiary Principles Applicable
to Article 213 91This draft was discussed by the membership at the 2014 Annual Meeting. As time ran out before the discussion could be concluded, no vote was taken to approve this draft.
137 pages, 2014, #1MPCSATD1ESoftbound | 1MPCSATD1 | 2014 | 137 pages | $30.00
Foreword
Reporters’ Memorandum
Substantive Material
I. Proposed Sections 213.0 to 213.7
II. General Commentary
A. Introductory Note
B. Background and Accomplishments of the 1962 Code
C. Social and Legal Developments Since 1962
D. Victimization and Criminal-Justice Responses Today
E. Decision to Strike the 1962 Text of Article 213
F. The Organization of Article 213
III. Statutory Commentary
A. Section 213.0 Definitions
B. Section 213.1 Rape and Related Offenses
C. Section 213.2 Sexual Intercourse by Coercion or Imposition
D. Section 213.3 Sexual Intercourse by Exploitation
E. Section 213.4 Sexual Intercourse Without Consent
F. Section 213.5 Criminal Sexual Contact [Reserved]
G. Section 213.6 Sexual Offenses Involving Spouses and Other
Intimate Partners [Reserved]
H. Mens Rea for Sections 213.1 to 213.6
Evidentiary Material
I. Proposed Section 213.7
II. Commentary 84
A. Contemporary Concerns Relating to Procedure and Evidence 84
B. Recommendations to Strike the Current Procedural Provisions 85
C. Section 213.7 – Procedural and Evidentiary Principles Applicable
to Article 213 91This draft was discussed by the membership at the 2014 Annual Meeting. As time ran out before the discussion could be concluded, no vote was taken to approve this draft.