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Restatement of the Law Third,

Torts: Miscellaneous Provisions

This project is part of ALI’s ongoing revision of the Restatement Second of Torts. Portions of the Restatement Second have been superseded by the Restatement Third of Torts: Products Liability, Apportionment of Liability, Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm, and Liability for Economic Harm. This Restatement addresses topics not covered in another part of the Restatement Third of Torts that either require updating since publication of the Restatement Second or were not previously addressed but should be covered in a modern torts Restatement.

Reporters:
Nora Freeman Engstrom, Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA
Michael D. Green, Washington University School of Law, St. Louis, MO
William C. Powers, Jr., University of Texas at Austin School of Law, Austin, TX [deceased 2019]
Associate Reporters:
Mark A. Hall, Wake Forest University School of Law, Winston-Salem, NC
Guy Miller Struve, Davis Polk & Wardwell, New York, NY [from 2021]
Tanya D. Marsh, Wake Forest University School of Law, Winston-Salem, NC [to May 2023]

Tentative Draft No. 4 (Electronic PDF)

430 pages, 2025, #1R3TCPTD4E

Tentative Draft No. 4 includes material on Vicarious Liability, Immunities of Governmental Entities and Actors, Firefighter’s Rule Disapproved, Tortious Interference with a Right to Vote or Hold Office, Prima Facie Tort, Negligence and Intentional Torts Based on the Same Facts, and Liability of Professionals and Those Practicing Skilled Trades. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2025 Annual Meeting subject to the amendments approved at the Meeting, discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

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Table of Contents

Section

Project Status at a Glance

Foreword

Reporters’ Memorandum

Reporters’ Plan for Organization and Publication of Miscellaneous Provisions

Firefighter’s Rule Disapproved

Firefighter’s Rule Disapproved

Vicarious Liability

Introductory Note

Topic 1. Vicarious Liability Generally

§ 1. Definition of Vicarious Liability

§ 2. Consequences of Vicarious Liability

Topic 2. Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)

Introductory Note: History and Terminology

§ 3. Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)—General Rule

§ 4. Respondeat Superior—Definition of “Employee”

§ 5. Respondeat Superior—Scope of Employment

Topic 3. Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority

§ 6. Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority

Topic 4. Nondelegable Duties

§ 7. Effect of a Nondelegable Duty

§ 8. Definition of “Independent Contractor”

§ 9. Nondelegable Duties Involving Physical Harm

§ 10. Nondelegable Duties Not Involving Physical Harm

Topic 5. Other Types of Vicarious Liability

Reporters’ Introductory Note on Vicarious Liability for Sexual Assault

§ 11. Special Rule on Vicarious Liability for Sexual Assault

§ 12. Other Types of Vicarious Liability

Liability of Professionals and those Practicing Skilled Trades

§ __. Standard of Care for Professionals and Those Practicing Skilled Trades

§ (#). Cause of Action Against a Professional or Skilled Tradesperson

Immunities

Chapter 3. Immunity of Governmental Entities and Actors

§ 8. United States Immunity

§ 11. Immunity of Public Employees, Officers, and Authorized Agents

§ 12. Public-duty Doctrine

§ 13. Special Relationships

Miscellaneous Torts

§ 8. Tortious Interference with a Right to Vote or Hold Office

§ 9. Prima Facie Tort

Miscellaneous Rules that Affect Tort Claiming

§ 57. Negligence and Intentional Torts Based on the Same Facts

Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 4

Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership

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Tentative Draft No. 3 (Electronic PDF)

668 pages, 2024, #1R3TCPTD3E

Tentative Draft No. 3 includes material on Medical Monitoring, Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose, Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Interference with Family Relationships, Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts, Agreements to Engage in Conduct that is Negligent or Reckless, Firefighter’s Rule, Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract, Spoliation, Equitable Estoppel as a Defense to Tort Liability, Tort Liability Based on Estoppel, Prenatal Injury, Wrongful Pregnancy, Birth, and Life, Liability for the Provision of Alcohol, and Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the amendments approved at the Meeting, discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

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Table of Contents

Section Page

Project Status at a Glance ...................................................................................................................... xvii

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... xviii

Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xix

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

§ __. Medical Monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 1

Appendix to Reporters’ Note. A State-by-State Table: Medical Monitoring Absent Present
Physical Injury ....................................................................................................................................... 40

Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose
for Common-Law Tort Causes of Action

Introductory Note ..................................................................................................................................... 47

Part 1. Statutes of Limitations

Topic 1. Statutes of Limitations in General

§ 1. Definition of Statute of Limitations .................................................................................................... 47

Topic 2. When The Statute of Limitations Begins to Run

§ 2. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—All-Elements Rule ................................................ 57

§ 3. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—Discovery Rule .................................................... 72

Scope Note for § 4 ................................................................................................................................... 89

§ 4. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—Continuing Torts .................................................. 91

Topic 3. When the Running of the Statute of Limitations is Suspended (Tolling)

Introductory Note: Rationale and Terminology ...................................................................................... 106

§ 5. Statutory Tolling Rules .................................................................................................................... 107

§ 6. Continuous Representation ............................................................................................................ 108

§ 7. Continuous Medical Treatment ....................................................................................................... 115

§ 8. Equitable Tolling .............................................................................................................................. 120

Topic 4. Effect of Defendant Misconduct

§ 9. Equitable Estoppel .......................................................................................................................... 124

§ 10. Fraudulent Concealment .............................................................................................................. 132

Topic 5. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Limitations Period

§ 11. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Limitations Period ....................................... 149

Part 2. Statutes of Repose

Topic 1. Statutes of Repose in General

§ 12. Definition of Statute of Repose ..................................................................................................... 154

Topic 2. When the Statute of Repose Begins to Run

§ 13. When the Statute of Repose Begins to Run ................................................................................. 159

Topic 3. The Statute of Repose Is Not Suspended by Common-Law Tolling Rules

§ 14. The Statute of Repose Is Not Suspended by Common-Law Tolling Rules ................................... 161

Topic 4. Effect of Defendant Misconduct

§ 15. Effect of Defendant Misconduct .................................................................................................... 164

Topic 5. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Repose Period

§ 16. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Repose Period ........................................... 168

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

Chapter 3. The Negligence Doctrine and Negligence Liability

§ 18 A. Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm ............................................................... 171

Chapter 12. Liability in Event of Death

§ 70 [Approximately]. Actions for Causing Death (Wrongful Death) ...................................................... 208

§ 71 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Victim ......................................... 236

§ 72 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Tortfeasor .................................. 252

Chapter 8A. Interference with Family Relationships

§ 48 F. Spousal Abduction and Enticement Abolished .......................................................................... 256

§ 48 G. Alienation of Betrothed’s Affections Abolished .......................................................................... 260

§ 48 H. Alienation of a Child’s Affections Abolished ............................................................................... 263

§ 48 I. Parental Claim for Seduction of a Minor Abolished .................................................................... 269

§ 48 J. Tortious Interference with Parental Rights ................................................................................. 273

§ 48 K. Alienation of Parent’s Affections Abolished ............................................................................... 299

Other Provisions in the Restatement Second of Torts Determined to be “Obsolete.” ........................... 302

Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts

§ __. Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts ........................................................................................... 304

§ __. Agreements to Engage in Conduct that is Negligent or Reckless ................................................ 325

Firefighter’s Rule

Firefighter’s Rule ................................................................................................................................... 349

Liability for Economic Harm

Chapter 3. Interference with Economic interests

§ 20 A. Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract ........................................................ 383

Miscellaneous Provisions

Chapter __. Miscellaneous Torts

Topic __. Spoliation

§ __. “Spoliation” Defined ...................................................................................................................... 418

§ __. Third-Party Spoliation of Evidence ............................................................................................... 421

§ __. First-Party Spoliation of Evidence ................................................................................................ 449

Defenses Applicable to All Tort Claims

§ __. Equitable Estoppel as a Defense to Tort Liability ......................................................................... 464

Rules Applicable to Certain Types of Conduct

Tort Liability Based on Estoppel ............................................................................................................ 477

Harm Before and Regarding Birth

§ __. Prenatal Injury .............................................................................................................................. 478

Wrongful Pregnancy, Birth, and Life

§ __. Wrongful Pregnancy ..................................................................................................................... 499

Introductory Note on “Parent” in Wrongful-Birth Claims ........................................................................ 516

§ __. Wrongful Birth ............................................................................................................................... 516

§ __. Wrongful Life ................................................................................................................................. 536

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

§ __. Liability for the Provision of Alcohol .............................................................................................. 541

Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers

Introductory Note ................................................................................................................................... 584

§ __. Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers ..................................................................................... 586

§ __. Negligence Liability of Independent Contractors that Manufacture, Rebuild, Repair, Maintain, Assemble, or Install Products ................................................................................................................ 614

Other Provisions in Restatement Second of Torts, Division Two, Chapter 14 addressed in this Restatement .......................................................................................................................................... 621

Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 ............................................................................ 623

Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 635

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Tentative Draft No. 2 (Electronic PDF)

414 pages, 2023, #1R3TCPTD2E

Tentative Draft No. 2 includes material on Right of Sepulcher, Medical Monitoring, Vicarious Liability, Firefighter’s Rule, First-Party Bad-Faith Insurance Claims, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Negligent Misrepresentation, Marital and Family Torts, and Aiding and Abetting Liability. At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Sections 48D, 48E, and 48F (Sepulcher) of the draft. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

The membership discussed and voted on several motions on the section on Medical Monitoring. Because of time constraints, discussion of the section was not completed and no vote was taken to approve the section. Time expired before the remainder of this draft was discussed.

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Tentative Draft No. 1 (Electronic PDF)

354 pages, 2022, #1R3TCPTD1E

Tentative Draft No. 1 includes material on Apportionment of Liability for Economic Harm; Wrongful Acts Doctrine; Liability of Medical Professionals and Institutions; Interference with Family Relationships; Immunities; Parental Standard of Care; and Consortium. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

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Torts: Miscellaneous Provisions

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Tentative Draft No. 4 (Electronic PDF)

Tentative Draft No. 3 (Electronic PDF)

Tentative Draft No. 2 (Electronic PDF)

Tentative Draft No. 1 (Electronic PDF)