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  1. Home
  2. Publications
  3. Torts: Miscellaneous Provisions
Home Torts: Miscellaneous Provisions
  1. Publications
Restatement of the Law Third,

Torts: Miscellaneous Provisions

This project is part of ALI’s ongoing revision of the Restatement Second of Torts. Portions of the Restatement Second have been superseded by the Restatement Third of Torts: Products Liability, Apportionment of Liability, Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm, and Liability for Economic Harm. This Restatement addresses topics not covered in another part of the Restatement Third of Torts that either require updating since publication of the Restatement Second or were not previously addressed but should be covered in a modern torts Restatement.

Reporters:
Nora Freeman Engstrom, Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA
Michael D. Green, Washington University School of Law, St. Louis, MO
William C. Powers, Jr., University of Texas at Austin School of Law, Austin, TX [deceased 2019] 
Associate Reporters:
Mark A. Hall, Wake Forest University School of Law, Winston-Salem, NC
Guy Miller Struve, Davis Polk & Wardwell, New York, NY [from 2021]
Tanya D. Marsh, Wake Forest University School of Law, Winston-Salem, NC [to May 2023] 

Tentative Draft No. 3 (softbound)

668 pages, 2024, #1R3TCPTD3

Tentative Draft No. 3 includes material on Medical Monitoring, Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose, Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Interference with Family Relationships, Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts, Agreements to Engage in Conduct that is Negligent or Reckless, Firefighter’s Rule, Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract, Spoliation, Equitable Estoppel as a Defense to Tort Liability, Tort Liability Based on Estoppel, Prenatal Injury, Wrongful Pregnancy, Birth, and Life, Liability for the Provision of Alcohol, and Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the amendments approved at the Meeting, discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

Table of Contents

Section                                                                                                                                                  Page

Project Status at a Glance ...................................................................................................................... xvii

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... xviii

Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xix

 

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

§ __. Medical Monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 1

Appendix to Reporters’ Note. A State-by-State Table: Medical Monitoring Absent Present
Physical Injury 
....................................................................................................................................... 40

Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose
for Common-Law Tort Causes of Action

Introductory Note ..................................................................................................................................... 47

Part 1. Statutes of Limitations

Topic 1. Statutes of Limitations in General

§ 1. Definition of Statute of Limitations .................................................................................................... 47

Topic 2. When The Statute of Limitations Begins to Run

§ 2. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—All-Elements Rule ................................................ 57

§ 3. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—Discovery Rule .................................................... 72

Scope Note for § 4 ................................................................................................................................... 89

§ 4. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—Continuing Torts .................................................. 91

Topic 3. When the Running of the Statute of Limitations is Suspended (Tolling)

Introductory Note: Rationale and Terminology ...................................................................................... 106

§ 5. Statutory Tolling Rules .................................................................................................................... 107

§ 6. Continuous Representation ............................................................................................................ 108

§ 7. Continuous Medical Treatment ....................................................................................................... 115

§ 8. Equitable Tolling .............................................................................................................................. 120

Topic 4. Effect of Defendant Misconduct

§ 9. Equitable Estoppel .......................................................................................................................... 124

§ 10. Fraudulent Concealment .............................................................................................................. 132

Topic 5. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Limitations Period

§ 11. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Limitations Period ....................................... 149

Part 2. Statutes of Repose

Topic 1. Statutes of Repose in General

§ 12. Definition of Statute of Repose ..................................................................................................... 154

Topic 2. When the Statute of Repose Begins to Run

§ 13. When the Statute of Repose Begins to Run ................................................................................. 159

Topic 3. The Statute of Repose Is Not Suspended by Common-Law Tolling Rules

§ 14. The Statute of Repose Is Not Suspended by Common-Law Tolling Rules ................................... 161

Topic 4. Effect of Defendant Misconduct

§ 15. Effect of Defendant Misconduct .................................................................................................... 164

Topic 5. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Repose Period

§ 16. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Repose Period ........................................... 168

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

Chapter 3. The Negligence Doctrine and Negligence Liability

§ 18 A. Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm ............................................................... 171

Chapter 12. Liability in Event of Death

§ 70 [Approximately]. Actions for Causing Death (Wrongful Death) ...................................................... 208

§ 71 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Victim ......................................... 236

§ 72 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Tortfeasor .................................. 252

Chapter 8A. Interference with Family Relationships

§ 48 F. Spousal Abduction and Enticement Abolished .......................................................................... 256

§ 48 G. Alienation of Betrothed’s Affections Abolished .......................................................................... 260

§ 48 H. Alienation of a Child’s Affections Abolished ............................................................................... 263

§ 48 I. Parental Claim for Seduction of a Minor Abolished .................................................................... 269

§ 48 J. Tortious Interference with Parental Rights ................................................................................. 273

§ 48 K. Alienation of Parent’s Affections Abolished ............................................................................... 299

Other Provisions in the Restatement Second of Torts Determined to be “Obsolete.” ........................... 302

Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts

§ __. Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts ........................................................................................... 304

 

§ __. Agreements to Engage in Conduct that is Negligent or Reckless ................................................ 325

Firefighter’s Rule

Firefighter’s Rule ................................................................................................................................... 349

Liability for Economic Harm

Chapter 3. Interference with Economic interests

§ 20 A. Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract ........................................................ 383

Miscellaneous Provisions

Chapter __. Miscellaneous Torts

Topic __. Spoliation

§ __. “Spoliation” Defined ...................................................................................................................... 418

§ __. Third-Party Spoliation of Evidence ............................................................................................... 421

§ __. First-Party Spoliation of Evidence ................................................................................................ 449

Defenses Applicable to All Tort Claims

§ __. Equitable Estoppel as a Defense to Tort Liability ......................................................................... 464

Rules Applicable to Certain Types of Conduct

Tort Liability Based on Estoppel ............................................................................................................ 477

Harm Before and Regarding Birth

§ __. Prenatal Injury .............................................................................................................................. 478

Wrongful Pregnancy, Birth, and Life

§ __. Wrongful Pregnancy ..................................................................................................................... 499

Introductory Note on “Parent” in Wrongful-Birth Claims ........................................................................ 516

§ __. Wrongful Birth ............................................................................................................................... 516

§ __. Wrongful Life ................................................................................................................................. 536

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

§ __. Liability for the Provision of Alcohol .............................................................................................. 541

Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers

Introductory Note ................................................................................................................................... 584

§ __. Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers ..................................................................................... 586

§ __. Negligence Liability of Independent Contractors that Manufacture, Rebuild, Repair, Maintain, Assemble, or Install Products ................................................................................................................ 614

Other Provisions in Restatement Second of Torts, Division Two, Chapter 14 addressed in this Restatement .......................................................................................................................................... 621

 

Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 ............................................................................ 623

Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 635

$75.00

Tentative Draft No. 3 (Electronic PDF)

668 pages, 2024, #1R3TCPTD3E

Tentative Draft No. 3 includes material on Medical Monitoring, Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose, Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Interference with Family Relationships, Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts, Agreements to Engage in Conduct that is Negligent or Reckless, Firefighter’s Rule, Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract, Spoliation, Equitable Estoppel as a Defense to Tort Liability, Tort Liability Based on Estoppel, Prenatal Injury, Wrongful Pregnancy, Birth, and Life, Liability for the Provision of Alcohol, and Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the amendments approved at the Meeting, discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

Table of Contents

Section                                                                                                                                                  Page

Project Status at a Glance ...................................................................................................................... xvii

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... xviii

Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xix

 

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

§ __. Medical Monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 1

Appendix to Reporters’ Note. A State-by-State Table: Medical Monitoring Absent Present
Physical Injury ....................................................................................................................................... 40

Statutes of Limitations and Statutes of Repose
for Common-Law Tort Causes of Action

Introductory Note ..................................................................................................................................... 47

Part 1. Statutes of Limitations

Topic 1. Statutes of Limitations in General

§ 1. Definition of Statute of Limitations .................................................................................................... 47

Topic 2. When The Statute of Limitations Begins to Run

§ 2. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—All-Elements Rule ................................................ 57

§ 3. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—Discovery Rule .................................................... 72

Scope Note for § 4 ................................................................................................................................... 89

§ 4. When the Statute of Limitations Begins to Run—Continuing Torts .................................................. 91

Topic 3. When the Running of the Statute of Limitations is Suspended (Tolling)

Introductory Note: Rationale and Terminology ...................................................................................... 106

§ 5. Statutory Tolling Rules .................................................................................................................... 107

§ 6. Continuous Representation ............................................................................................................ 108

§ 7. Continuous Medical Treatment ....................................................................................................... 115

§ 8. Equitable Tolling .............................................................................................................................. 120

Topic 4. Effect of Defendant Misconduct

§ 9. Equitable Estoppel .......................................................................................................................... 124

§ 10. Fraudulent Concealment .............................................................................................................. 132

Topic 5. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Limitations Period

§ 11. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Limitations Period ....................................... 149

Part 2. Statutes of Repose

Topic 1. Statutes of Repose in General

§ 12. Definition of Statute of Repose ..................................................................................................... 154

Topic 2. When the Statute of Repose Begins to Run

§ 13. When the Statute of Repose Begins to Run ................................................................................. 159

Topic 3. The Statute of Repose Is Not Suspended by Common-Law Tolling Rules

§ 14. The Statute of Repose Is Not Suspended by Common-Law Tolling Rules ................................... 161

Topic 4. Effect of Defendant Misconduct

§ 15. Effect of Defendant Misconduct .................................................................................................... 164

Topic 5. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Repose Period

§ 16. Contracts Shortening or Lengthening the Statute-of-Repose Period ........................................... 168

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

Chapter 3. The Negligence Doctrine and Negligence Liability

§ 18 A. Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm ............................................................... 171

Chapter 12. Liability in Event of Death

§ 70 [Approximately]. Actions for Causing Death (Wrongful Death) ...................................................... 208

§ 71 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Victim ......................................... 236

§ 72 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Tortfeasor .................................. 252

Chapter 8A. Interference with Family Relationships

§ 48 F. Spousal Abduction and Enticement Abolished .......................................................................... 256

§ 48 G. Alienation of Betrothed’s Affections Abolished .......................................................................... 260

§ 48 H. Alienation of a Child’s Affections Abolished ............................................................................... 263

§ 48 I. Parental Claim for Seduction of a Minor Abolished .................................................................... 269

§ 48 J. Tortious Interference with Parental Rights ................................................................................. 273

§ 48 K. Alienation of Parent’s Affections Abolished ............................................................................... 299

Other Provisions in the Restatement Second of Torts Determined to be “Obsolete.” ........................... 302

Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts

§ __. Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts ........................................................................................... 304

 

§ __. Agreements to Engage in Conduct that is Negligent or Reckless ................................................ 325

Firefighter’s Rule

Firefighter’s Rule ................................................................................................................................... 349

Liability for Economic Harm

Chapter 3. Interference with Economic interests

§ 20 A. Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract ........................................................ 383

Miscellaneous Provisions

Chapter __. Miscellaneous Torts

Topic __. Spoliation

§ __. “Spoliation” Defined ...................................................................................................................... 418

§ __. Third-Party Spoliation of Evidence ............................................................................................... 421

§ __. First-Party Spoliation of Evidence ................................................................................................ 449

Defenses Applicable to All Tort Claims

§ __. Equitable Estoppel as a Defense to Tort Liability ......................................................................... 464

Rules Applicable to Certain Types of Conduct

Tort Liability Based on Estoppel ............................................................................................................ 477

Harm Before and Regarding Birth

§ __. Prenatal Injury .............................................................................................................................. 478

Wrongful Pregnancy, Birth, and Life

§ __. Wrongful Pregnancy ..................................................................................................................... 499

Introductory Note on “Parent” in Wrongful-Birth Claims ........................................................................ 516

§ __. Wrongful Birth ............................................................................................................................... 516

§ __. Wrongful Life ................................................................................................................................. 536

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

§ __. Liability for the Provision of Alcohol .............................................................................................. 541

Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers

Introductory Note ................................................................................................................................... 584

§ __. Negligence Liability of Product Suppliers ..................................................................................... 586

§ __. Negligence Liability of Independent Contractors that Manufacture, Rebuild, Repair, Maintain, Assemble, or Install Products ................................................................................................................ 614

Other Provisions in Restatement Second of Torts, Division Two, Chapter 14 addressed in this Restatement .......................................................................................................................................... 621

 

Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 ............................................................................ 623

Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 635

$10.00

Tentative Draft No. 2 (softbound)

414 pages, 2023, #1R3TCPTD2

Tentative Draft No. 2 includes material on Right of Sepulcher, Medical Monitoring, Vicarious Liability, Firefighter’s Rule, First-Party Bad-Faith Insurance Claims, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Negligent Misrepresentation, Marital and Family Torts, and Aiding and Abetting Liability. At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Sections 48D, 48E, and 48F (Sepulcher) of the draft. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

The membership discussed and voted on several motions on the section on Medical Monitoring. Because of time constraints, discussion of the section was not completed and no vote was taken to approve the section. Time expired before the remainder of this draft was discussed.

Table of Contents

Section                                                                                                                                        Page

Project Status at a Glance............................................................................................................ xiv

Foreword...................................................................................................................................... xv

Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................. xvi

Sepulcher (Interference with Human Remains)

§ 48 D. The Right of Sepulcher (Disposition of Human Remains) Defined.................................. 1

§ 48 E. Interference with the Right of Sepulcher............................................................................ 8

§ 48 F. Infliction of Emotional Harm by Mistreatment of Human Remains ................................. 19

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

§ __. Medical Monitoring.............................................................................................................. 30

Appendix. A State-by-State Table: Medical Monitoring Absent Present Injury .......................... 64

Vicarious Liability

Introductory Note.......................................................................................................................... 72

Topic 1

Vicarious Liability Generally

§ 1. Definiton of Vicarious Liability............................................................................................ 72

§ 2. Consequences of Vicarious Liability...................................................................................... 75

Topic 2

Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)

Introductory Note: History and Terminology................................................................................ 83

§ 3. Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)—General Rule........................................................ 86

§ 4. Respondeat Superior—Definition of "Employee"................................................................. 91

§ 5. Respondeat Superior—Scope of Employment..................................................................... 102

Topic 3

Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority

§ 6. Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority................. 134

Topic 4

Other Types of Vicarious Liability

§ 7. Other Types of Vicarious Liability....................................................................................... 158

Firefighter’s Rule

Firefighter’s Rule......................................................................................................................... 164

Liability for Economic Harm

Chapter 3

Interference with Economic Interests

§ 20 A. Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract............................................. 198

Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm

Chapter 12

Liability in Event of Death

§ 70 [Approximately]. Actions for Causing Death (Wrongful Death)........................................ 228

§ 71 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Victim........................ 255

§ 72 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Tortfeasor................... 270

Chapter 3

The Negligence Doctrine and Negligence Liability

§ 18 A. Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm.................................................... 273

Chapter 8A

Interference with Family Relationships

§ 48 F. Spousal Abduction and Enticement Abolished............................................................... 310

§ 48 G. Alienation of Betrothed's Affections Abolished............................................................ 314

§ 48 H. Alienation of a Child’s Affections Abolished................................................................ 317

§ 48 I. Parental Claim for Seduction of a Minor Abolished........................................................ 323

§ 48 J. Tortious Interference with Parental Rights...................................................................... 327

§ 48 K. Alienation of Parent’s Affections Abolished................................................................. 349

Aiding and Abetting negligence Torts

§ __. Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts............................................................................... 354

Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2.............................................................. 374

Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership....................................... 380

Appendix C. A Brief History of the Third Restatement of Torts......................................... 390

$60.00

Tentative Draft No. 2 (Electronic PDF)

414 pages, 2023, #1R3TCPTD2E

Tentative Draft No. 2 includes material on Right of Sepulcher, Medical Monitoring, Vicarious Liability, Firefighter’s Rule, First-Party Bad-Faith Insurance Claims, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Negligent Misrepresentation, Marital and Family Torts, and Aiding and Abetting Liability. At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Sections 48D, 48E, and 48F (Sepulcher) of the draft. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

The membership discussed and voted on several motions on the section on Medical Monitoring. Because of time constraints, discussion of the section was not completed and no vote was taken to approve the section. Time expired before the remainder of this draft was discussed.

$10.00

Tentative Draft No. 1 (softbound)

354 pages, 2022, #1R3TCPTD1

Tentative Draft No. 1 includes material on Apportionment of Liability for Economic Harm; Wrongful Acts Doctrine; Liability of Medical Professionals and Institutions; Interference with Family Relationships; Immunities; Parental Standard of Care; and Consortium. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section                                                                                                                   Page

Project Status at a Glance ........................................................................................ xv

Foreword .................................................................................................................. xvi

Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................... xvii

APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY

TOPIC 6

TORT CLAIMS FOR ECONOMIC HARM

§ 27. Apportionment of Liability for Tort Claims for Economic Harm—General
Principle ........................................................................................................................ 1

§ 28. Apportionment of Liability Issues and Outline of This Topic ................................. 7

§ 29. Apportionment of Liability When Harm Can be Divided by Factual Causation .... 9

§ 30. Comparing Responsibility of Plaintiff and Intentional Tortfeasor Defendant ...... 17

§ 31. Comparing Responsibility of Plaintiff and Non-Intentional Tortfeasor
Defendant .................................................................................................................... 24

§ 32. Joint and Several Liability of Intentional Tortfeasors ........................................... 35

§ 33. Comparative Responsibility Share of Non-Intentional Tortfeasor Defendant ...... 37

§ 34. Effect of Settlement on Apportionment of Liability ............................................... 45

§ 35. Indemnity ............................................................................................................. 48

§ 36. Contribution .......................................................................................................... 51

§ 37. Apportionment of Liability When a Plaintiff Prevails on More Than One
Legal Theory .................................................................................................................. 57

APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY

TOPIC 1

BASIC RULES OF COMPARATIVE RESPONSIBILITY

§ 4 A. Wrongful Acts Doctrine ......................................................................................... 63

§ 4 B. Criminal Conduct and Other Statutory Wrongs as Plaintiff Negligence Per Se .... 66

Appendix ……………………………………….…….............................................………… 89

LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM

CHAPTER 11

LIABILITY OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND INSTITUTIONS

Introductory Note ............................................................................................................. 91

§ 1. Patient and Provider Defined .................................................................................... 93

§ 2. Patient-Care Relationship ....................................................................................... 100

§ 3. Duties to Patients and Others ................................................................................. 119

LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM

CHAPTER 8A

INTERFERENCE WITH FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

§ 48 D. Alienation of Spousal Affections Abolished ........................................................ 140

§ 48 E. Criminal Conversation Abolished ....................................................................... 147

IMMUNITIES

Special Note on Immunities ………………................................................………………. 155

CHAPTER 1

INTRA-FAMILY IMMUNITIES

§ 1. Spousal Immunity ..................................................................................................... 157

§ 2. Parental Immunity ..................................................................................................... 161

§ 3. Child Immunity .......................................................................................................... 164

§ 4. No Immunity for Other Familial Relationships ........................................................... 167

CHAPTER 2

MISCELLANEOUS IMMUNITIES

§ 5. Charitable Immunity .................................................................................................. 169

§ 6. Immunity of a Minor .................................................................................................. 171

§ 7. Immunity of an Actor with a Mental or Emotional Disability ...................................... 172

CHAPTER 3

GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES AND PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES IMMUNITIES

§ 8. United States Immunity [to come] ............................................................................. 175

§ 9. State Immunity .......................................................................................................... 175

§ 10. Local Governmental Entity Immunity ...................................................................... 206

§ 11. Public Official and Employees Immunity [to come] ................................................. 250

PARENTAL STANDARD OF CARE

§ 10A. Parental Standard of Care .................................................................................... 251

LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM

CHAPTER 8

LIABILITY FOR EMOTIONAL HARM

Introductory Note .............................................................................................................. 271

§ 48 A. Loss of Spousal Consortium ................................................................................ 272

§ 48 B. Loss of Child Consortium ..................................................................................... 297

§ 48 C. Loss of Parental Consortium ............................................................................... 308

Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 .......................................................... 323

$45.00

Tentative Draft No. 1 (Electronic PDF)

354 pages, 2022, #1R3TCPTD1E

Tentative Draft No. 1 includes material on Apportionment of Liability for Economic Harm; Wrongful Acts Doctrine; Liability of Medical Professionals and Institutions; Interference with Family Relationships; Immunities; Parental Standard of Care; and Consortium. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

$10.00

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