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  1. Home
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  1. Publications
Restatement of the Law,

Copyright

This Restatement encompasses general copyright law. Its goal is to provide guidance to the courts in areas, including ones that have clear common-law origins, in which there is significant scope for judicial discretion.

Reporter:
Christopher Jon Sprigman, New York University School of Law, New York, NY
Associate Reporters:
Daniel Gervais, Vanderbilt University School of Law, Nashville, TN
Lydia Pallas Loren, Lewis & Clark Law School, Portland, OR
R. Anthony Reese, University of California, Irvine School of Law, Irvine, CA
Molly Van Houweling, University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Berkeley, CA

Tentative Draft No. 5 (softbound)

406 pages, 2024, #1RCRTD5

Tentative Draft No. 5 contains material from Chapter 2, Scope of Protection, Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations, Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement, Chapter 8, Secondary Liability, Chapter 10, Safe Harbors, Copyright Protection Systems, and Copyright Management Information, and Chapter 11, Procedural Issues and Relationship to Other Bodies of Law. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

Table of Contents

Section                                                                                                                                                  Page

Project Status at a Glance ....................................................................................................................... xv

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ xvii

Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xix

 

Chapter 2. Scope of Protection

§ 12. Copyright in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does Not Extend to Ideas or Other
Excluded Elements .................................................................................................................................... 1

§ 17. Merger ............................................................................................................................................. 11

§ 18. Scènes à Faire ............................................................................................................................... 30

Chapter 6. Copyright Rights and Limitations

§ 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only] ................................................... 55

§ 6.03. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Prepare Derivative Works ........................................ 59

§ 6.10. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Performance Right of a Sound Recording by Means
of a Digital Audio Transmission ............................................................................................................... 87

§ 6.13. Other Limitations on Copyright Rights ......................................................................................... 95

Chapter 7. Copyright Infringement

§ 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally [for reference only; approved in Tentative Draft No. 4
(2023)] ................................................................................................................................................... 130

§ 7.05. Defenses to Copyright Infringement .......................................................................................... 146

§ 7.06. Criminal Infringement of Copyright ............................................................................................ 176

Chapter 8. Secondary Liability

§ 8.01. Secondary Liability for Copyright Infringement .......................................................................... 190

§ 8.02. Contributory Copyright Infringement .......................................................................................... 198

Chapter 10. Safe Harbors, Copyright Protection Systems, and Copyright
Management Information

§ 10.03. Integrity of Copyright Management Information ...................................................................... 221

Chapter 11. Procedural Issues and Relationship to Other Bodies of Law

§ 11.01. The Right to Sue for Copyright Infringement (“Statutory Standing”) ........................................ 255

 

Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ........................................................................................................ 272

Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 5 ............................................................................ 345

Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 354

$60.00

Tentative Draft No. 5 (Electronic PDF)

406 pages, 2024, #1RCRTD5E

Tentative Draft No. 5 contains material from Chapter 2, Scope of Protection, Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations, Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement, Chapter 8, Secondary Liability, Chapter 10, Safe Harbors, Copyright Protection Systems, and Copyright Management Information, and Chapter 11, Procedural Issues and Relationship to Other Bodies of Law. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2024 Annual Meeting subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

Table of Contents

Section                                                                                                                                                  Page

Project Status at a Glance ....................................................................................................................... xv

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ xvii

Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................................................... xix

 

Chapter 2. Scope of Protection

§ 12. Copyright in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does Not Extend to Ideas or Other
Excluded Elements .................................................................................................................................... 1

§ 17. Merger ............................................................................................................................................. 11

§ 18. Scènes à Faire ............................................................................................................................... 30

Chapter 6. Copyright Rights and Limitations

§ 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only] ................................................... 55

§ 6.03. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Prepare Derivative Works ........................................ 59

§ 6.10. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Performance Right of a Sound Recording by Means
of a Digital Audio Transmission ............................................................................................................... 87

§ 6.13. Other Limitations on Copyright Rights ......................................................................................... 95

Chapter 7. Copyright Infringement

§ 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally [for reference only; approved in Tentative Draft No. 4
(2023)] ................................................................................................................................................... 130

§ 7.05. Defenses to Copyright Infringement .......................................................................................... 146

§ 7.06. Criminal Infringement of Copyright ............................................................................................ 176

Chapter 8. Secondary Liability

§ 8.01. Secondary Liability for Copyright Infringement .......................................................................... 190

§ 8.02. Contributory Copyright Infringement .......................................................................................... 198

Chapter 10. Safe Harbors, Copyright Protection Systems, and Copyright
Management Information

§ 10.03. Integrity of Copyright Management Information ...................................................................... 221

Chapter 11. Procedural Issues and Relationship to Other Bodies of Law

§ 11.01. The Right to Sue for Copyright Infringement (“Statutory Standing”) ........................................ 255

 

Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ........................................................................................................ 272

Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 5 ............................................................................ 345

Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................... 354

$10.00

Tentative Draft No. 4 Revised (Electronic PDF)

494 pages, 2023, #1RCRTD4ER

Tentative Draft No. 4 Revised contains material from Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This draft has been revised based on the discussion at the Meeting. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

$10.00

Tentative Draft No. 4 (softbound)

486 pages, 2023, #1RCRTD4

Tentative Draft No. 4 contains material from Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

Table of Contents

Section                                                                                                                                        Page

Project Status at a Glance.............................................................................................................. xv

Foreword....................................................................................................................................... xvi

Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................ xviii

Chapter 4

Copyright Formalities

§ 40. Copyright Formalities [for reference only] (reprinted from T.D. No. 3 Revised) (approved 2022)............................................................................................................................................ 1

§ 42. Use of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978, and Before March 1, 1989............ 11

§ 43. Use of Copyright Notice On or After March 1, 1989........................................................... 48

§ 44. Form and Position of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978................................. 55

§ 45. Registration of Copyright Claims On or After January 1, 1978........................................... 67

Chapter 5

Duration of Copyright

§ 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally....................................................................................... 104

§ 52. Term of Copyright for Works Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978................................. 108

Chapter 6

Copyright Rights and Limitations

§ 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only].................................... 129

§ 6.05. Importation and Exportation........................................................................................... 133

§ 6.07. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Public Performance................................... 139

§ 6.08. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Display Right............................................... 151

§ 6.11. Rights of Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art....................................................... 159

Chapter 7

Copyright Infringement

§ 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally................................................................................. 180

§ 7.02. Proving Ownership of a Valid Copyright........................................................................ 196

§ 7.03. Copying in Fact............................................................................................................... 217

§ 7.04. Improper Appropriation................................................................................................... 238

§ 7.07. Violation of the Attribution and Integrity Rights Granted to Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art........................................................................................................................ 272

Appendix A. Statutory Appendix.......................................................................................... .. 282

Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 4............................................................ .. 430

Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership..................................... .. 443

$65.00

Tentative Draft No. 4 (Electronic PDF)

486 pages, 2023, #1RCRTD4E

Tentative Draft No. 4 contains material from Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

$10.00

Tentative Draft No. 3 Revised (Electronic PDF)

446 pages, 2022, #1RCRTD3ER

Tentative Draft No. 3 Revised contains Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally (§ 10); Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection (§ 15); Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants (§ 20, Comment g; §§ 27-29); Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities (§§ 40, 41, 46-48); Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright (§§ 50, 51, 53, 54); Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations (§§ 56, 57, 59); Chapter 9, Copyright Remedies (§§ 9.01-9.04; § 9.05 (previously § 9.06) and § 9.06 (previously § 9.05)). The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This draft has been revised based on the discussion at the Meeting. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

$10.00

Tentative Draft No. 3 (softbound)

472 pages, 2022, #1RCRTD3

Tentative Draft No. 3 contains material from Chapter 1,  Subject Matter and Standards: Generally; Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection; Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants; Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 9, Copyright Remedies. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section                                                                                                                Page

Project Status at a Glance .................................................................................... xvi

Foreword .............................................................................................................. xvii

Reporters’ Memorandum ....................................................................................... xix

CHAPTER 1

SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY

§ 10. Excluded Subject Matter: Edicts of Law and Government Edicts .................... 1

CHAPTER 2

SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION

§ 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does
Not Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements [For Reference Only]  ................ 18

§ 15. Exclusion of Methods from Scope of Copyright Protection ............................. 28

CHAPTER 3

INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS

§ 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally 
[Section 20 was approved at the 2021 Annual Meeting; Comment g is new.] .......... 38

§ 27. Nonexclusive Licenses .................................................................................... 47

§ 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses ... 59

§ 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses .................................... 65

CHAPTER 4

COPYRIGHT FORMALITIES

§ 40. Copyright Formalities ........................................................................................ 86

§ 41. Publication On or After January 1, 1978 ........................................................... 97

§ 46. Publication from July 1, 1909, to December 31, 1977 .................................... 116

§ 47. Use, Form, and Placement of Copyright Notice from July 1, 1909, to
December 31, 1977 .................................................................................................. 133

§ 48. Registration of Copyright Claims from July 1, 1909, to
December 31, 1977 .................................................................................................. 139

CHAPTER 5

DURATION OF COPYRIGHT

§ 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally [For Reference Only] ..................................... 143

§ 50. Term of Copyright for Works Created On or After January 1, 1978 ................... 147

§ 51. Term of Copyright for Works Created but Not Published or Copyrighted
Before January 1, 1978 .............................................................................................. 156

§ 53. Duration: Derivative Works and Compilations .................................................... 162

§ 54. Abandonment of Copyright Rights ...................................................................... 166

CHAPTER 6

COPYRIGHT RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS

§ 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [For Reference Only] ...................... 177

§ 56. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Reproduction ..................................... 181

§ 57. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Distribute Copies or
Phonorecords of the Work to the Public ........................................................................ 191

§ 59. First Sale Limitation on the Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to
Distribute Copies or Phonorecords of the Work to the Public ....................................... 204

CHAPTER 9

COPYRIGHT REMEDIES

§ 9.01. Remedies for Copyright Infringement ...................................................................... 215

§ 9.02. Injunctive Relief in Copyright Cases ........................................................................ 222

§ 9.03. Monetary Relief: Actual Damages and Profits ......................................................... 250

§ 9.04. Monetary Relief: Statutory Damages ....................................................................... 284

§ 9.05. Costs, Including Attorney’s Fees .............................................................................. 316

§ 9.06. Impoundment and Disposition .................................................................................. 333

Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ................................................................................ 347

Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 ..................................................... 423

Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ............................ 439

$65.00

Tentative Draft No. 3 (Electronic PDF)

472 pages, 2022, #1RCRTD3E

Tentative Draft No. 3 contains material from Chapter 1,  Subject Matter and Standards: Generally; Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection; Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants; Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 9, Copyright Remedies. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

$10.00

Tentative Draft No. 2 Revised (Electronic PDF)

376 pages, 2022, #1RCRTD2ER

Revised Tentative Draft No. 2 contains Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally (§§ 1-9, 11); Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection (§ 12 (for discussion only); §§ 13, 14, 16, 19); and Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants (§§ 20-29). The membership voted to approve Sections 1-9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, and 20-26 of this draft at the 2021 Annual Meeting, subject to motions to amend the draft passed at the Annual Meeting, the discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. Time expired before Sections 27-29 were discussed. This draft has been revised to include the approved amended text. The approved material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

$10.00

Tentative Draft No. 2 (Electronic PDF)

376 pages, 2021, #1RCRTD2E

Tentative Draft No. 2 contains Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally (§§ 1-9, 11); Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection (§ 12 (for discussion only); §§ 13, 14, 16, 19); and Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants (§§ 20-29). The membership voted to approve Sections 1-9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, and 20-26 of this draft at the 2021 Annual Meeting, subject to motions to amend the draft passed at the Annual Meeting, the discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. Time expired before Sections 27-29 were discussed. The approved material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.

$10.00

Tentative Draft No. 1 (Electronic PDF)

2020, #1RCRTD1E

Tentative Draft No. 1 contains §§ 1-9 and 11 of Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally; §§ 12-14 and 19 of Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection; and §§ 20 (for discussion only) and 21-26 of Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Licenses, Termination of Grants, and Abandonment. This draft was prepared for consideration at the 2020 Annual Meeting, which was cancelled. The draft has not been considered by the membership of ALI and therefore does not represent the position of the Institute on any of the issues with which it deals. The draft may be revised or supplemented prior to consideration by the membership in 2021.

$10.00

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